Galaxy Cluster
Introduction. The Cosmological Redshift (CRS) has to be
explained as other than a Doppler effect. This I have done by showing
that the redshift is generated in the electro-magnetic waves as they move through
space. The Galaxy Clusters (GC) are presented as the dynamos that, under
the influence of gravity, drive everything, including providing a mechanism
that causes galactic renewal. Our Universe is seen as a tiny fragment in
an infinite and eternal State of Existence
From Ayn Rand comes
the axiomatic concept of “Existence”. Existence
Exists. From this we may conclude that if Existence exists here it must exist everywhere. It stretches
outward in all directions and is therefore Infinite. If Existence exists here now it must have come from a past eternity
and presumably will last another eternity. It is Eternal. There can
be no juxtaposition of Existence with non-Existence (out there somewhere)
either in time or in space. And, finally, if Existence is here now,
after an eternity of burning, there must be some mechanism at work that results
in a 100% efficient self-renewal of all the mass and energy in Existence. This State of Existence
An Expanding Universe? Nonsense. The CRS has
been
the cause of a lot of rather strange hypotheses, which there’s no need to get into,
except to point out that it is the CRS observed in the light coming to us from
distant galaxies that needed, and needs, explaining, a CRS that becomes greater
as distance to the observed object increases. It was decided, by most
scientists some 80 years ago, that this was a Doppler effect indicating that
the distant galaxies were all receding from us. What was presented to the
world, by the astrophysicists to explain this was a Big Bang to start the
galaxies on their way.
An experiment in the laboratory showed that one could
generate a redshift in the light of a laser simply by passing the light through
a pipe with its ends covered with glass and by increasing the air density in
the pipe by pumping air into it at a constant rate. This increase
in the density caused ever more waves to be captured within the pipe.
This resulted in fewer waves exiting the pipe, per second, than were entering
it. A Redshift! But only while the air density was being
increased! It is obvious that the technique used in this experiment will
not be found in space, but it does demonstrate an alternative method for red
shifting, and is seen as a microcosm of space.
See setup below:
The mirrors and photo
diode and oscilloscope allow the input and output frequencies to be compared so
that any difference in frequency may be seen on the oscilloscope. They may be removed and the laser fed
directly into the pipe. Now, if a second
similar apparatus, with its pipe being pressurized at the same rate as the
first, was entered by the laser beam exiting the first pipe, it would act on
the redshifted light to redshift the light even more. Similarly for a
third pipe, and a fourth one, etc. The redshift would be compounded by
the number of pipes cascaded. This compounding of redshifted light would obtain by having a single pipe of much greater
length.
So, what is needed is
a medium in space that is increasing in density at a constant rate, then, it too
would develop a redshift in traveling light by constantly compounding the
effect. All this without the Source
moving away from the Observer.
To borrow a financial
equation used in compounding interest seemed appropriate, only we’d have to use
a negative rate of change: Fo = Fs (1-R)t
. (Or,
in that we’ll be using an R that is extremely small and a t that is extremely
large, then Fo = Fs e-Rt may be more
appropriate.) The F’s are the Source and Observer frequencies, with R
being the rate of change, per second,
and t being the total time of travel.
The Medium. Throughout our
Universe are the Galaxy Clusters (GC’s), great aggregations of galaxies with
perhaps as many as 5,000 galaxies in each cluster. In addition to the galaxies is their Dark
Mass (DM). The galaxies and their DM, in
these GC’s, are all bound together by gravity, with the center of each cluster having
a giant spiral galaxy, a Seyfert, with all the various masses being drawn into
its core.
Surrounding
the Seyfert are the thousands of galaxies including their gases, of course, but
also with their Dark Mass (discovered by Vera Rubin, and others), a mass being
completely transparent. [This DM, which
extends throughout the universe, is the medium that gives space its substance,
which therefore permits it to have the observed permeability (µ) and permittivity (ɛ), but
also gives it the means by which the waves of
light may move.]
As these various
masses are being slowly drawn inward by gravity, they are becoming steadily denser
and more compressed. It also provides the medium that we needed for
our experiment, that continually increasing in density and produces the CRS, a
red-shift that increases in a compound fashion as the wave travels from a
distant Sources to an Observer. It
is also a medium that is constantly being replaced with less-dense mass as it
moves inward from the outlying regions of the GC towards the core of the Seyfert.
Galaxy Cluster. The
following drawing is a rough study of such a GC. Several things may be inferred from this
drawing. The DM is far denser towards
the central Seyfert galaxy than in the outlying regions. The Milky Way (MW) is one of the galaxies (in
its own GC), possibly at a half-way point.
As the DM appears to be the medium that controls the speed of light, we
should expect light to travel much slower near to the Seyfert than at the
outskirts of the GC. The 3^8
meters/second speed of light is read on Earth, i.e., in the Milky Way. Therefore
the speed of light is constant only on Earth!
.
Disposing of the
Masses entering the Seyfert. A GC, with its central
Seyfert galaxy would be an ideal feed for a Black Hole, if there were such a
thing. Halton Arp spent a lot of his time as an Astronomer observing the
sky. Of the peculiar objects he studied were the Quasars. He
discovered that Quasars appeared to be emerging from the Seyfert galaxies (see
above drawing) at two Quasars every 7.5 billion years. These two appear to be similar to each other,
but show up on opposite sides of the Seyfert. Furthermore, he also found that
these Quasars emerged at a very high speed, and that they slowly evolved into
full fledged galaxies!
So we have mass being
continuously drawn into the Seyfert galaxy and mass continuously leaving the
same galaxies, presumably at the same rate.
And, as we roughly know the mass of a galaxy, we have a means for calculating
the rate that the Universe is replacing itself:
Two new galaxies (Quasars) every 7.5 billion years per GC times the
number of GC’s in our Universe. See below:
The Gravitational Lens. In addition to generating the CRS, the gravity
of a GC compresses the DM into the shape of a massive Luneburg Lens, within
itself. Such a lens functions as shown
below. Note that a great many foci may be in use at the same time. The
foci we are concerned with is those where the Observers are.
Our Spectrums. When we look at the
sky and take the spectra of the galaxies the light we see is from nearby
galaxies, having a visible spectrum that peaks at about 6 x 1014 hertz. If we take this frequency as the Source
frequency (Fs) of anything we look at, and the redshifted frequency
of that seen by the Observer (Fo), with t being whatever is chosen we can calculate R using the equations
found on page 3.
The Conclusion. We have a Universe that has no
bounds. It would logically seem that
this ocean of GC Existence
And for the SETI folk:
What will we find in
those far off places?
Strange looking people
with strange looking faces?
Most assuredly so for
in those infinite brews
There’s an infinite
amount of whatever you choose.
James B. Wright.
4/8/14
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